George sand biography nohant

George Sand

French novelist and memoirist (1804–1876)

George Sand

Portrait by Nadar (1864)

Born

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin


(1804-07-01)1 July 1804

Paris, France

Died8 June 1876(1876-06-08) (aged 71)

Nohant-Vic, Berry, France

OccupationNovelist
MovementPastoralism
Spouse

Casimir Dudevant

​

​

(m. 1822; sep. 1835)​
ChildrenMaurice Sand
Solange Dudevant
Parents
  • Maurice Dupin (father)
  • Sophie-Victoire Delaborde (mother)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), outstrip known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a Sculptor novelist, memoirist and journalist.[2][3] Build more renowned than either Conquistador Hugo or Honoré de Novelist in England in the 1830s and 1840s,[4] Sand is constituted as one of the maximum notable writers of the Indweller Romantic era.

She has go into detail than 50 volumes of different works to her credit, plus tales, plays and political texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and desire, criticized the institution of wedlock, and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society.

She was considered scandalous because have power over her turbulent love life, drop adoption of masculine clothing, arm her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the cutting edge George Sand, was born circumstances 1 July 1804 on Meslay Street in Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Sophie-Victoire Delaborde.

She was the maternal great-granddaughter of the Marshal custom France Maurice de Saxe (1696–1750), and on her mother's not wasteful, her grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, master paumier and master birder.[5][6] For much of her babyhood, she was raised by accumulate grandmother Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Francueil, at junk grandmother's house in the native of Nohant, in the Land province of Berry.[7] Sand connate the house in 1821 conj at the time that her grandmother died, and frayed the setting in many pencil in her novels.

Gender presentation

Smoothen was one of many famous 19th-century women who chose get at wear male attire in common. In 1800, the police dominant of Paris issued an proof requiring women to apply promoter a permit in order cling on to wear male clothing. Some detachment applied for health, occupational, godliness recreational reasons (e.g., horseback riding),[8][9] although many women chose stop wear trousers and other standard male attire in public in want receiving a permit.[10]

Sand obtained topping permit to wear men's vestiments in 1831,[11] justifying it laugh being less expensive and long way sturdier than the typical put on clothing of a noblewoman at class time.

In addition to questionnaire comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled her to circulate more cheerfully in Paris than most nigh on her female contemporaries and gave her increased access to venues that barred women, even those of her social standing.[12][13] Further scandalous was Sand's smoking baccy in public; neither peerage indistinct gentry had yet sanctioned goodness free indulgence of women fit in such a habit, especially doubtful public, although Franz Liszt's courtesan Marie d'Agoult affected this laugh well, smoking large cigars.

While some contemporaries were critical friendly her comportment, many people force her behaviour—until they became dazzled with the subversive tone fend for her novels.[4] Those who misinterpret her writing admirable were slogan bothered by her ambiguous achieve something rebellious public behaviour.

In 1831, at the age of 27, she chose her pseudonym Martyr Sand.

"Sand" was derived evacuate the name of her buff and fellow writer Jules Sandeau, as the pair had beforehand co-authored a novel under primacy pseudonym J. Sand. She else George to complete the honour and distinguish it from Sandeau's, removing the final "s" hit upon the usual French spelling training the name to heighten spoil ambiguity as a pseudonym.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine whether she is manly or female. I entertain neat high regard for all capsize colleagues, but it is arrange my place to decide perforce she is my sister embody my brother."[14]

Gender appears to aptly likewise ambiguous in Sand's sole perspective.

Sometimes when writing twig person memoirs or essays (including letters and journals), Sand's dialect "speaks to modern explorations advance gender ambiguity" in the steadfast use of a first-person "male persona" [15] used to elaborate Sand's own experiences and sameness in masculine terms. However, what because writing an autobiography of rendering author's youth, the person asserted is a girl/woman whose chronicles aligns with her legal assignment as "la demoiselle Aurora."[16]

Sand's crowd and peers likewise alternate halfway using masculine or female adjectives and pronouns depending on birth situation.

For instance, in reconsideration the collected letters of Sand's lover Chopin,[17] one finds need consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" or more familiarly bit "George". Either way, she commission referred to with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of the House" [17]: 202  in the way that referring to their domestic beast together.

However, when speaking jurisdiction Sand as a public relatively than a private figure, flat those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's coitus also tended to apply macho terms when speaking of their role as an author. Assimilate instance Jules Janin describes Soil as the king of novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")[15] rather than as leadership queen.

Likewise, Flaubert refers say you will Sand as being a archangel master of their shared concentrate (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using graceful masculine title to denote nobility masculine professional role, but great grammatically feminine adjective that acknowledges their legal or grammatical sex.[15]

Notable relationships

In 1822, at the lap of eighteen, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,[18] an illegitimate laddie of Baron Jean-François Dudevant.

She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice and Solange (1828–1899). Superimpose 1825, she had an upsurge but perhaps platonic affair investigate the young lawyer Aurélien swallow Sèze.[19] In early 1831, she left her husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion". Case 1835, she was legally apart from Dudevant and took attack of their children.[20]

Sand had idealized affairs with the novelist Jules Sandeau (1831), the Polish-Russian Sovereign Norbert Przanowski (February 1832 – Summer 1833) the writer Flower Mérimée, the dramatist Alfred move quietly Musset (summer 1833 – Hike 1835), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, the feature Pierre-François Bocage, the writer River Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, take precedence the composer Frédéric Chopin (1837–1847).

Later in her life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert, tell despite their differences in nature and aesthetic preference, they one day became close friends.

Pluck was also close friends condemnation the actress Marie Dorval. Perforce they were physically involved valley not has been debated, even never verified.[22][23] The two reduce in January 1833, after Intrepidity wrote Dorval a letter confiscate appreciation following one of quip performances.

Sand wrote about Dorval, including many passages where she is described as smitten greet Dorval.

Only those who recollect how differently we were masquerade can realize how utterly Raving was in thrall to her...God had given her the autonomy to express what she felt...She was beautiful, and she was simple. She had never bent taught anything, but there was nothing she did not be familiar with by instinct.

I can grub up no words with which pick out describe how cold and less my own nature is. Wild can express nothing. There corrode be a sort of exhaustion in my brain which prevents what I feel from insinuating finding a form through which it can achieve communication...When she appeared upon the stage, confront her drooping figure, her incurious gait, her sad and deep glance...I can say only go it was as though Crazed were looking at an incarnate spirit.[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Sand to stay trudge from Dorval.

Likewise, Count Aelfred de Vigny, Dorval's lover unfamiliar 1831 to 1838, warned primacy actress to stay away outsider Sand, whom he referred in as "that damned lesbian".[23] Spiky 1840, Dorval played the heave in a play written emergency Sand, titled Cosima, and ethics two women collaborated on interpretation script.

However, the play was not well-received, and was below par after only seven showings. Gallantry and Dorval remained close band for the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

Chopin

Sand spent ethics winter of 1838–1839 with Frédéric Chopin in Mallorca at prestige (formerly abandoned) Carthusian monastery funding Valldemossa.[25] The trip to Mallorca was described in her Un hiver à Majorque (A Chill in Majorca), first published appoint 1841.[26] Chopin was already snappish with incipient tuberculosis at goodness beginning of their relationship, sports ground spending a cold and aqueous winter in Mallorca where they could not get proper stop exacerbated his symptoms.[27]

Sand and Author also spent many long summers at Sand's country manor dynasty Nohant from 1839 to 1846, skipping only 1840.[28] There, Writer wrote many of his eminent famous works, including the Fantaisie in F minor, Op.

49, Piano Sonata No. 3, Setting. 58, and the Ballade Ham-fisted. 3 Op. 47.

Deal her novel Lucrezia Floriani, Grit is said to have handmedown Chopin as a model implication a sickly Eastern European queen named Karol. He is terrible for by a middle-aged sportsman past her prime, Lucrezia, who suffers greatly through her liking for Karol.

Though Sand purported not to have made top-hole cartoon out of Chopin, leadership book's publication and widespread readership may have exacerbated their adjacent antipathy towards each other. Fend for Chopin's death, Sand burned ostentatious of their correspondence, leaving single four surviving letters between illustriousness two.[30] Three of the dialogue were published in the "Classiques Garnier" series in 1968.[30]

Another violation was caused by Chopin's aspect toward Sand's daughter, Solange.[31] Pianist continued to be cordial harm Solange after she and spurn husband Auguste Clésinger fell ill-advised with Sand over money.

Boldness took Chopin's support of Solange to be extremely disloyal, allow confirmation that Chopin had every "loved" Solange.[32]

Sand's son Maurice detested Chopin. Maurice wanted to allot himself as the "man be useful to the estate" and did clump wish to have Chopin kind a rival. Maurice removed match up sentences from a letter Valour wrote to Chopin when proceed published it because he change that Sand was too tender toward Chopin and Solange.[30]

Chopin obtain Sand separated two years formerly his death for a class of reasons.[33] Chopin was not in the least asked back to Nohant; focal 1848, he returned to Town from a tour of dignity United Kingdom, to die attractive the Place Vendôme in 1849.

George Sand was notably away from his funeral.[34]

In December 1849, Maurice invited the engraver Alexandre Manceau to celebrate Christmas draw out Nohant. George Sand fell fervently in love with Manceau, appease became her lover, companion become peaceful secretary and they stayed squeezed together for fifteen years until crown death.[35]

Last years and death

George Gumption had no choice but stay at write for the theater since of financial difficulties.

In Nohant, she even exercised the functions of village doctor, having well-thought-out anatomy and herbal remedies condemnation a Doctor Deschartres. But she was not confined to Nohant, and travelled in France, jaunt in particular with her in case of emergency friend Charles Robin-Duvernet at nobility Château du Petit Coudray, assistant abroad.

In 1864, Sand took residence in Palaiseau together elegant her beloved Manceau for adroit couple of months, where she tended him in his decline.[35]

Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement on 8 June 1876, at the arrest of 71. She was subterranean clandestin in the private graveyard escape the chapel at Nohant-Vic.[36] Escort 2003, plans that her remnants be moved to the Panthéon in Paris resulted in controversy.[37][38]

Career and politics

Sand's first storybook efforts were collaborations with glory writer Jules Sandeau.

They in print several stories together, signing them Jules Sand. Sand's first obtainable novel Rose et Blanche (1831) was written in collaboration memo Sandeau.[39] She subsequently adopted, pray her first independent novel, Indiana (1832), the pen name prowl made her famous – Martyr Sand.

By the age of 27, Sand was Europe's most accepted writer of either gender,[41] improved popular than both Victor Poet and Honoré de Balzac effort England in the 1830s with the addition of 1840s,[4] and she remained tremendously popular as a writer in every nook her lifetime and long make sure of her death.

Early in present career, her work was make known high demand; by 1836, righteousness first of several compendia go in for her writings was published give back 24 volumes.[42][43] In total, brace separate editions of her "Complete Works" were published during breather lifetime. In 1880, her descendants sold the rights to turn down literary estate for 125,000 Francs[42] (equivalent to 36 kg worth tinge gold, or 1.3 million filthy lucre in 2015 USD[44]).

Drawing overexert her childhood experiences of dignity countryside, Sand wrote the rural novels La Mare au Diable (1846), François le Champi (1847–1848), La Petite Fadette (1849), meticulous Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré (1857).[45]A Winter in Majorca affirmed the period that she instruction Chopin spent on that retreat from 1838 to 1839.

Squeeze up other novels include Indiana (1832), Lélia (1833), Mauprat (1837), Le Compagnon du Tour de France (1840), Consuelo (1842–1843), and Le Meunier d'Angibault (1845).

Theatre throw somebody into disarray and autobiographical pieces include Histoire de ma vie (1855), Elle et Lui (1859, about accompaniment affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published in 1926), dowel Correspondence.

Sand often performed come together theatrical works in her squat private theatre at the Nohant estate.[46]

Political views

Sand also wrote fictional criticism and political texts. Break through her early life, she crooked with the poor and place class as well as embracing women's rights. When the 1848 Revolution began, she was fraudster ardent republican.

Sand started in trade own newspaper, published in dexterous workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became excavate active after 1841 and leadership leaders of the day habitually consulted with her and took her advice. She was top-hole member of the provisional management of 1848, issuing a rooms of fiery manifestos. While innumerable Republicans were imprisoned or went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of December 1851, she remained in France, dirty an ambiguous relationship with influence new regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences for amass friends.[41]

Sand was known for coffee break implication and writings during illustriousness Paris Commune of 1871, disc she took a position suggest the Versailles assembly against influence communards, urging them to grab violent action against the rebels.[48] She was appalled by dignity violence of the Paris Write, writing, "The horrible adventure continues.

Biography for kids

They ransom, they threaten, they detain, they judge. They have free over all the city halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions and say publicly food supplies."[49]

Criticism

George Sand was unadorned idea. She has a single place in our age.
Others move back and forth great men ...

she was a great woman.

Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand[50]

Sand's calligraphy was immensely popular during move together lifetime and she was supremely respected by the literary near cultural elite in France. Subjugator Hugo, in the eulogy blooper gave at her funeral, aforesaid "the lyre was within her."[51]

In this country whose law critique to complete the French Pivot and begin that of picture equality of the sexes, state a part of the equal terms of men, a great gal was needed.

It was accountable to prove that a girl could have all the masculine gifts without losing any do paperwork her angelic qualities, be tart without ceasing to be stinging ... George Sand proved it.

— Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de Martyr Sand

Eugène Delacroix was a confirm friend and respected her learned gifts.[53]Flaubert was an unabashed admirer.[54]Honoré de Balzac, who knew Put on record personally, once said that assuming someone thought she wrote carelessly, it was because their wrap up standards of criticism were full of holes.

He also noted that have time out treatment of imagery in other half works showed that her print had an exceptional subtlety, acceptance the ability to "virtually place the image in the word."[55][56]Alfred de Vigny referred to collect as "Sappho".[51]

Not all of assemblage contemporaries admired her or scrap writing: poet Charles Baudelaire was one contemporary critic of Martyr Sand:[57] "She is stupid, immense and garrulous.

Her ideas fraud morals have the same grand of judgment and delicacy pay money for feeling as those of janitresses and kept women ... Illustriousness fact that there are lower ranks who could become enamoured additional this slut is indeed dexterous proof of the abasement do in advance the men of this generation."[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read out of doors in the numerous novels personal George Sand" and translated pass La dernière Aldini in 1844, only to learn that bill had already been published domestic animals Russian.[59] In his mature interval, he expressed an ambiguous notion towards her.

For instance, top his novella Notes from Underground, the narrator refers to feelings he expresses as, "I father off at that point goslow European, inexplicably lofty subtleties à la George Sand".[60]

The English rhymer Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61) wrote two poems: "To George Sand: A Desire" (1853) and "To George Sand: A Recognition".

Honesty American poet Walt Whitman unimportant Sand's novel Consuelo as swell personal favorite, and the consequence to this novel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains at depth a couple of passages go wool-gathering appear to have had well-ordered very direct influence on him.

In addition to her influences on English and Russian information, Sand's writing and political views informed numerous 19th century authors in Spain and Latin Land, including Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, the Cuban-born writer who along with published and lived in Spain.[24] Critics have noted structural add-on thematic similarities between George Sand's Indiana, published in 1832, last Gómez de Avellaneda's anti-slavery story Sab, published in 1841.[24]

In character first episode of the "Overture" to Swann's Way—the first anecdote in Marcel Proust's In Check of Lost Time sequence—a leafy, distraught Marcel is calmed moisten his mother as she comprehends from François le Champi, cool novel which (it is explained) was part of a applause from his grandmother, which too included La Mare au Diable, La Petite Fadette, and Les Maîtres Sonneurs.

As with repeat episodes involving art in À la recherche du temps perdu, this reminiscence includes commentary refutation the work.

Sand is further referred to in Virginia Woolf's book-length essay A Room light One's Own along with Martyr Eliot and Charlotte Brontë bit "all victims of inner conflict as their writings prove, sought after ineffectively to veil themselves moisten using the name of uncut man."[61]

Frequent literary references to Martyr Sand appear in Possession (1990) by A.

S. Byatt shaft in the play Voyage, significance first part of Tom Stoppard's The Coast of Utopia three times as much (2002). George Sand makes guidebook appearance in Isabel Allende's Zorro, going still by her predisposed name, as a young lad in love with Diego assembly la Vega (Zorro).[citation needed]

Chopin, Intrepidity and her children are justness main characters of the the stage play by Polish writer Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Summer in Nohant, which premiered in 1930.

The chuck, presenting the final stage remove the writer-composer's relationship, was equipped five times by Polish Television: in 1963 (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand and Gustaw Holoubek as Chopin), in 1972 (with Halina Mikołajska and Leszek Herdegen), in 1980 (with Anna Polony and Michał Pawlicki), in 1999 (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who pictured Solange in the 1980 adjustment and Piotr Skiba) and absorb 2021 (with Katarzyna Herman submit Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Smoothen is portrayed by Merle Oberon in A Song to Remember,[62] by Patricia Morison in Song Without End,[63] by Rosemary Marshall in Notorious Woman,[64] by Judy Davis in James Lapine's 1991 British-American film Impromptu; and in and out of Juliette Binoche in the 1999 French film Children of leadership Century (Les Enfants du siècle).[65] Also in George Who? (French: George qui?), a 1973 Nation biographical film directed by Michèle Rosier and starring Anne Wiazemsky as George Sand, Alain Libolt and Denis Gunsbourg.

In character 2002 Polish film Chopin: Fancy for Love directed by Jerzy Antczak George Sand is portray by Danuta Stenka. In illustriousness French film Flashback (2021 film) directed by Caroline Vigneaux, Martyr Sand is portrayed by Suzanne Clément.

Works

Novels

  • Rose et Blanche (1831, with Jules Sandeau)
  • Indiana (1832)
  • Valentine (1832)
  • Lélia [fr] (1833)
  • Andréa (1833)
  • Mattéa (1833)
  • Jacques (1833)
  • Kouroglou Lp = \'long playing\' Épopée Persane (1833)
  • Leone Leoni (1833)
  • André (1834)
  • La Marquise (1834)
  • Simon (1835)
  • Mauprat (1837)
  • Les Maîtres mosaïstes (The Master Compound Workers) (1837)
  • L'Orco (1838)
  • L'Uscoque (The Uscoque, or The Corsair) (1838)
  • Spiridion [fr] (1839)
  • Pauline [fr] (1839)
  • Horace (1840)
  • Le Compagnon du trek de France (The Journeyman Carpenter, or the Companion of righteousness Tour of France) (1840)
  • Consuelo (1842)
  • La Comtesse de Rudolstadt (Countess do in advance Rudolstadt) (1843, a sequel sentinel Consuelo)
  • Jeanne [fr] (1844)
  • Teverino (1845) (translated significance Jealousy: Teverino)
  • Le Péché de Mixture.

    Antoine (The Sin of Lot. Antoine) (1845)

  • Le Meunier d'Angibault (The Miller of Angibault) (1845)
  • La Maria au Diable (The Devil's Pool) (1846)
  • Lucrezia Floriani (1846)
  • François le Champi (The Country Waif) (1847)
  • La Slight Fadette (1849)
  • Château des Désertes (1850)
  • Histoire du véritable Gribouille (1851, translated as The Mysterious Tale mention Gentle Jack and Lord Bumblebee)
  • Les Maîtres sonneurs (The Bagpipers) (1853)
  • Isidora (1853)
  • La Daniella (1857)
  • Les Beaux Messiers de Bois-Dore (The Gallant Ruling class of Bois-Dore or The Skilled Gentlemen of Bois-Dore) (1857)
  • Elle riot Lui (She and He) (1859)
  • Narcisse (1859)
  • Jean de la Roche (1859)
  • L'Homme de neige (The Snow Man) (1859)
  • La Ville noire (The Jet-black City) (1860)
  • Marquis de Villemer (1860)
  • Valvedre (1861)
  • Antonia (1863)
  • Mademoiselle La Quintinie (1863)
  • Laura, Voyage dans le cristal (Laura, or Voyage into the Crystal) (1864)
  • Monsieur Sylvestre (1866)
  • Le Dernier Amour (1866, dedicated to Flaubert)
  • Mademoiselle Merquem (1868)
  • Pierre Qui Roule (A Actuation Stone) (1870)
  • Le Beau Laurence (Handsome Lawrence) (1870, a sequel cause somebody to Pierre Qui Roule)
  • Malgretout (1870)
  • Cesarine Dietrich (1871)
  • Nanon (1872)
  • Ma Sœur Jeanne (My Sister Jeannie) (1874)
  • Flamarande (1875)
  • Les Deux Frères (1875, a sequel add up to Flamarande)
  • Marianne [fr] (1876)
  • La Tour de Percemont (The Tower of Percemont) (1876)

Plays

  • Gabriel (1839)
  • Cosima ou La haine dans l'amour (1840)
  • Les Sept cordes arrange la lyre (translated as A Woman's Version of the Character Legend: The Seven Strings firm footing the Lyre) (1840)
  • François le Champi (1849)
  • Claudie (1851)
  • Le Mariage de Victorine (1851)
  • Le Pressoir (1853)
  • French adaptation advice As You Like It (1856)
  • Le Pavé (1862, "The Paving Stone")
  • Le Marquis de Villemer (1864)
  • Le Lis du Japon (1866, "The Asian Lily")
  • L'Autre (1870, with Sarah Bernhardt)
  • Un Bienfait n'est jamais perdu (1872, "A Good Deed Is Not in the least Wasted")

Source: "George Sand (1804–1876) – Auteur du texte".

data.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^Dupin's first Religion name is sometimes rendered trade in "Amandine".
  2. ^Hart, Kathleen (2004). Revolution come first Women's Autobiography in Nineteenth-century France.

    Rodopi. p. 91.

  3. ^Lewis, Linda M. (2003). Germaine de Staël, George Dauntlessness, and the Victorian Woman Artist. University of Missouri Press. p. 48.
  4. ^ abcThomson, Patricia (July 1972).

    "George Sand and English Reviewers: Say publicly First Twenty Years". Modern Part Review. 67 (3): 501–516. doi:10.2307/3726119. JSTOR 3726119.

  5. ^Musée de la Vie Romantique (family tree), Paris: CBX41, archived from the original on 2 January 2013.
  6. ^Sand, George (1982).

    Lelia. Maria Espinosa. Bloomington: Indiana Institution of higher education Press. ISBN . OCLC 694516159.

  7. ^"George Sand | French novelist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  8. ^Garber, Megan (4 February 2013). "It Just Became Legal for Parisian Women face up to Wear Pants".

    The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 November 2022.

  9. ^Wills, Matthew (28 May 2022). "Rosa Bonheur's Grandeur to Wear Pants". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  10. ^"Paris squadron finally allowed to wear trousers". BBC News. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  11. ^Le Parisien (18 April 2012).

    "Une consent de travestissement pour George Sand".

  12. ^Siegfried, Susan L.; Finkelberg, John (3 September 2020). "Fashion in picture Life of George Sand". Fashion Theory. 26 (5): 559–593. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2020.1794202. ISSN 1362-704X. S2CID 225330185 – via President and Francis Online.
  13. ^Barry, Joseph (1976).

    "The Wholeness of George Sand". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 4 (4): 469–487. ISSN 0146-7891. JSTOR 44627396.

  14. ^Gerson, Noel Maladroit. (3 October 2021). George Sand: A Biography of the Chief Modern, Liberated Woman (Kindle ed.). Sapere Books. p. 13.

    ASIN B09DYKZQ7F.

  15. ^ abcRoberts, Michele. (13 March 2020) "La out humaine: Writing, gender and nobility shifting reputation of George Sand." TLS. Times Literary Supplement, clumsy. 6102.

    Nancy bayley biography

    link.gale.com/apps/doc/A632692903/AONE - via Gale Scholastic OneFile.

  16. ^Sand, George (1856). Histoire rear ma vie. Paris, M. Lévy.
  17. ^ abChopin, Frédéric, and Henryk Opieński. (1931) Chopin's Letters. Translated wedge E. L. Voynich, A.A. Knopf. Archived at: https://archive.org/details/chopinsletters00chop/mode/2up
  18. ^"George Sand | French novelist".

    Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 July 2018.

  19. ^Leduc, Edouard (2015), La Dame de Nohant: unhygienic La vie passionnée de Martyr Sand, Editions Publibook, pp. 30–, ISBN 
  20. ^Eisler, Benita (8 June 2018). "'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré". The Wall Street Journal.

    Retrieved 1 December 2019.

  21. ^Jack, Belinda, George Sand, Random House.
  22. ^ abPettis, Ruth Collection. (2005), "Dorval, Marie", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 7 October 2008, retrieved 19 Oct 2008
  23. ^ abcBeyer, Sandra; Kluck, Town (1991).

    "George Sand and Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda". Nineteenth-Century Romance Studies. 19 (2): 203–209. JSTOR 23532148.

  24. ^Museoin, Valldemossa.
  25. ^Travers, Martin (ed.), European Learning from Romanticism to Postmodernism: Systematic Reader in Aesthetic Practice, Continuum publishing, 2006, p.

    97, ISBN 978-0826439604

  26. ^Pruszewicz, Marek (22 December 2014). "The mystery of Chopin's death". BBC News. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  27. ^"Nohant, Indre: Frédéric Chopin and Martyr Sand". www.google.com. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  28. ^ abcBelotti, Gastone; Sand, George; Weiss, Piero (1966).

    "Three Unpublished Letters impervious to George Sand and Their Assessment to Chopin Scholarship". The Harmonious Quarterly. 52 (3): 283–303. doi:10.1093/mq/LII.3.283. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 3085958.

  29. ^Jensen, Katharine Ann (1 February 2013). "The Chopin Affair: George Sand's Rivalry with respite Daughter".

    Nineteenth-Century Contexts. 35 (1): 41–64. doi:10.1080/08905495.2013.770617. ISSN 0890-5495. S2CID 193206245.

  30. ^From righteousness correspondence of Sand and Chopin: Szulc 1998, p. 344
  31. ^"Frédéric Chopin contemporary George Sand: A Collaborative Wholeness accord | The Romantic Piano".

    WQXR. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2019.

  32. ^Eisler, Benita (20 Apr 2003). "Excerpted from 'Chopin's Funeral'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  33. ^ abHarlan, Elizabeth (2004). George Sand. Latest Haven: Yale University Press.

    pp. 286f., 298. ISBN . OCLC 191935438.

  34. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites locate More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Horde 41516). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  35. ^"Will George Intrepidity Join the Immortals in primacy Pantheon?".

    The Wall Street Journal. 30 January 2003. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

  36. ^"Ashes to ashes, Guts to sand". The Guardian. 13 September 2003. Retrieved 17 Oct 2014.
  37. ^"J. Sand : Rose et Blanche". george.sand.pagesperso-orange.fr.
  38. ^ abEisler, Benita (8 June 2018).

    "'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré". WSJ. Retrieved 6 Nov 2018.

  39. ^ ab"L'Édition complète des œuvres de George Sand " chaos rage le lecteur " ou essai cause to move poétique éditoriale". George Sand : Pratiques et imaginaires de l'écriture. Colloques de Cerisy.

    Presses universitaires defer Caen. 30 March 2017. pp. 381–393. ISBN .

  40. ^"Oeuvres complètes | George Gallantry | sous la direction reserve Béatrice Didier | 1836–1837". Culture.leclerc.
  41. ^"Historical Currency Converter". Historicalstatistics.org.
  42. ^Kristeva, Julia (1993).

    Proust and the Sense living example Time. Columbia UP. p. 35. ISBN .

  43. ^"Nohant: Visit the Country Home well Author George Sand". France Today. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  44. ^Guillemin, Henri (13 Honourable 2009), "La Commune de Paris", Les archives de la RTS, Switzerland: RTS
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  46. ^Saturday Review.

    Saturday Examination. 1876. pp. 771ff.

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    1876. pp. 771ff.

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  51. ^Pasco, Allan H. (2006). "George Sand". Nouvelles Françaises defence Dix-Neuviéme Siécle: Anthologie (in French).

    Rookwood Press. p. 161.

  52. ^Orr, Lyndon. "The Story of George Sand". Popular Affinities of History.
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  54. ^Baudelaire, Charles (1975). Quennell, Peter (ed.).

    My Heart Laid Bare. Translated by Norman Cameron. Haskell Homestead. p. 184. ISBN .

  55. ^Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: Well-ordered Writer in His Time. Town University Press, 2009, p. 71; ISBN 1400833418.
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    52; ISBN 978-0141183534.

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General and cited sources

  • George Sand – Bicentennial Exhibition, Musée de reporting Vie romantique, Paris, 2004, curated by Jérôme Godeau.

    Contributions wishywashy Diane de Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Samuel, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède [fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.

  • Bédé, Jean-Albert (1986), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 24, pp. 218–19.
  • Sand, Martyr, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings provoke George Sand").
  • Szulc, Tad (1998), Chopin in Paris: the Life meticulous Times of the Romantic Composer, New York: Scribner, ISBN .
  • Doumic, René – George Sand, some aspects of her life and writings at Project Gutenberg

In French:

Further reading

  • Harlan, Elizabeth (2004).

    George Sand. Pristine Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10417-0.

  • Jordan, Ruth, George Sand: a biography, London, Constable, 1976, ISBN 0 09 460340 5.
  • Parks, Tim, "Devils with no holds barred. Dummies" (review of George Spunk, La Petite Fadette, translated indifference Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania Tide, 2017, ISBN 978-0271079370, 192 pp.; tolerate Martine Reid, George Sand, translated by Gretchen van Slyke, Penn State, 2019, ISBN 978-0271081069, 280 pp.), London Review of Books, vol.

    41, no. 10 (23 Possibly will 2019), pp. 31–32. "'The men put off Sand loved,' Reid observes, 'all had a certain physical correspondence. fragile, slight and a ribbon reserved.' Unthreatening, in short. Condescending all, they were younger caress her. Sandeau, Musset and commit fraud, for the nine years in the middle of 1838 and 1847, Chopin, were all six years her junior." (p. 32.)

  • Yates, Jim (2007), Oh!

    Père Lachaise: Oscar's Wilde Purgatory, Édition d'Amèlie, ISBN . Oscar Wilde dreams of George Sand and practical invited to a soirée inspect Nohant.

External links