Lorenzo de medici full biography of madonna

Lorenzo de' Medici

Italian statesman and affront facto ruler of Florence (1449–1492)

For other uses, see Lorenzo de' Medici (disambiguation).

Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (Italian:[loˈrɛntsodeˈmɛːditʃi]), known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italian: Lorenzo sully Magnifico; 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492),[2] was sting Italian statesman, the de facto ruler of the Florentine Commonwealth, and the most powerful godparent of Renaissance culture in Italy.[3][4][5] Lorenzo held the balance model power within the Italic Foil, an alliance of states avoid stabilized political conditions on nobleness Italian Peninsula for decades, view his life coincided with dignity mature phase of the European Renaissance and the golden find of Florence.[6] As a financier, he is best known construe his sponsorship of artists specified as Botticelli and Michelangelo.

Elect the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan undertake stem the territorial ambitions position Pope Sixtus IV, in primacy name of the balance take possession of the Italic League of 1454. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which coronate brother Giuliano was assassinated.

Interpretation Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he supported among depiction various Italian states collapsed meet his death. He is hidden in the Medici Chapel block out Florence.

Youth

Lorenzo's grandfather, Cosimo de' Medici, was the first fellow of the Medici family pocket lead the Republic of Town and run the Medici Storehouse simultaneously.

As one of magnanimity wealthiest men in Europe, righteousness elder Cosimo spent a seize large portion of his try on government and philanthropy, avoidable example as a patron human the arts and financier reduce speed public works.[7] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, was equally at the centre supplementary Florentine civic life, chiefly trade in an art patron and artlover, while Lorenzo's uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, took danger signal of the family's business interests.

Lorenzo's mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was a writer of sonnets endure a friend to poets bear philosophers of the Medici Academy.[8] She became her son's adviser after the deaths of tiara father and uncle.[7]

Lorenzo, considered dignity most promising of the fivesome children of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored by a intermediary and bishop, Gentile de' Becchi, and the humanist philosopher Marsilio Ficino,[9] and he was hysterical in Greek by pivotal Refreshment scholar John Argyropoulos.[10] With surmount brother Giuliano, he participated rotation jousting, hawking, hunting, and hack breeding for the Palio, well-organized horse race in Siena.

Ordinary 1469, aged 20, he won first prize in a jousting tournament sponsored by the House. The joust was the excursion of a poem written surpass Luigi Pulci.[11]Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote of the occasion, perhaps derisively, that he won "not get ahead of way of favour, but strong his own valour and expertise in arms".[12] He carried adroit banner painted by Verrocchio, obscure his horse was named Morello di Vento.[13][14]

Piero sent Lorenzo defect many important diplomatic missions just as he was still a girlhood, including trips to Rome progress to meet the pope and pristine important religious and political figures.[15]

Lorenzo was described as rather personality of appearance and of usually height, having a broad chassis and short legs, dark put down and eyes, a squashed parade, short-sighted eyes and a hoarse voice.

Giuliano, on the cover up hand, was regarded as sizeable and a "golden boy", become more intense was used as a design by Botticelli in his craft of Mars and Venus.[16] Uniform Lorenzo's close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, maxim, "nature had been a materfamilias to him in regards cross-reference his personal appearance, although she had acted as a hot blooded mother in all things invented with the mind.

His appearance was dark, and although her majesty face was not handsome unfitting was so full of self-respect as to compel respect."[17]

Politics

Lorenzo, plastered for power, assumed a surpass role in the state repute the death of his cleric in 1469, when he was 20. Already drained by enthrone grandfather's building projects and night and day stressed by mismanagement, wars, become more intense political expenses, the assets firm the Medici Bank were refreshment stand seriously during the course own up Lorenzo's lifetime.[18]

Lorenzo, like his greybeard, father, and son, ruled Town indirectly through surrogates in character city councils by means disruption payoffs and strategic marriages undecided 1490.[19][20] Rival Florentine families doubtlessly harboured resentments over the Medicis' dominance, and enemies of rendering Medici remained a factor unexciting Florentine life long after Lorenzo's passing.[19] The most notable exhaustive the rival families was integrity Pazzi, who nearly brought Lorenzo's reign to an end.[21]

On Assets c incriminating evidence, 26 April 1478, in interrupt incident known as the Pazzi conspiracy, a group headed harsh Girolamo Riario, Francesco de' Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), attacked Lorenzo tolerate his brother and co-ruler Giuliano in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in representative attempt to seize control sketch out the Florentine government.[22] Salviati wellversed with the blessing of sovereignty patron Pope Sixtus IV.

Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed tutorial death, but Lorenzo escaped remain only a minor wound shut the neck, having been defended by the poet Poliziano[23] enthralled the banker Francesco Nori, rendering latter of whom was handle in the attack.[24] News rob the conspiracy spread throughout Town, and it was brutally admonitory down by the populace cut such measures as the halter of the archbishop of Metropolis and members of the Pazzi family who were involved speck the conspiracy.[21]

In the aftermath enjoy the Pazzi conspiracy and distinction punishment of supporters of Holy father Sixtus IV, the Medici impressive Florence earned the wrath break on the Holy See, which insincere all the Medici assets deviate Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire government contempt Florence, and ultimately put magnanimity entire Florentine city-state under interdict.[25] When these moves had slight effect, Sixtus formed a heroic alliance with King Ferdinand Frenzied of Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, led cease invasion of the Florentine State 2, still ruled by Lorenzo.[26]

Lorenzo rallied the citizens.

However, with miniature support from the traditional House allies in Bologna and Milan,[21] the war dragged on, take only diplomacy by Lorenzo, who personally traveled to Naples come first became a prisoner of prestige king for several months, in the final resolved the crisis. That good fortune enabled Lorenzo to secure radical changes within the government forfeited the Florentine Republic that additional enhanced his own power.[19]

Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de' Medici, pursued a policy misplace maintaining peace, balancing power betwixt the northern Italian states paramount keeping major European states specified as France and the Unacceptable Roman Empire out of Italia.

Lorenzo maintained good relations submit Sultan Mehmed II of justness Ottoman Empire, as the Metropolis maritime trade with the Ottomans was a major source signal your intention wealth for the Medici.[27]

Efforts touch upon acquire revenue from the excavation of alum in Tuscany distressingly marred Lorenzo's reputation.

Alum confidential been discovered by local community of Volterra, who turned succeed to Florence to get backing give rise to exploit this important natural imagination. A key commodity in greatness glassmaking, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from one a few sources under goodness control of the Ottomans explode monopolized by Genoa before prestige discovery of alum sources worry Italy at Tolfa.

First depiction Roman Curia in 1462, president then Lorenzo and the House Bank less than a yr later, got involved in succour the mining operation, with nobleness pope taking a two-ducat forty winks for each cantar quintal rot alum retrieved and ensuring unblended monopoly against the Turkish-derived wares barter by prohibiting trade in aluminum with infidels.[28] When they completed the value of the aluminium mine, the people of Volterra wanted its revenues for their municipal funds rather than securing it enter the pockets boss their Florentine backers.

Thus began an insurrection and secession getaway Florence, which involved putting tell off death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress prestige revolt by force, and distinction mercenaries ultimately sacked the impediment. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra do research make amends, but the happening would remain a dark sphere on his record.[29][30]

Patronage

Lorenzo's court charade artists such as Piero good turn Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea icon Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Sculptor Buonarroti, who were instrumental importance achieving the 15th-century Renaissance.

Though Lorenzo did not commission spend time at works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions get out of other patrons. Michelangelo lived touch Lorenzo and his family bare three years, dining at primacy family table and participating unappealing discussions led by Marsilio Ficino.

Lorenzo was an artist person in charge wrote poetry in his inherent Tuscan.

In his poetry, good taste celebrates life while acknowledging swop melancholy the fragility and disequilibrium of the human condition, exceptionally in his later works. Enjoy, feasts and light dominate realm verse.[31]

Cosimo had started the group of books that became honesty Medici Library (also called description Laurentian Library), and Lorenzo distended it.

Lorenzo's agents retrieved outsider the East large numbers see classical works, and he busy a large workshop to likeness his books and disseminate their content across Europe. He verified the development of humanism try his circle of scholarly players, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.[32] They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge character ideas of Plato with Religion.

Apart from a personal investment, Lorenzo also used the City milieu of fine arts be thankful for his diplomatic efforts. An observations includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to pigment murals in the Sistine Protection, a move that has antique interpreted as sealing the coalescence between Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.[32]

In 1471, Lorenzo cunning that his family had bushed some 663,000 florins (about US$460 million today) on charity, buildings spell taxes since 1434.

He wrote,

I do not regret that for though many would ponder it better to have clean up part of that sum hillock their purse, I consider have round to have been a express honour to our state, highest I think the money was well-expended and I am well-pleased.[33]

From 1479 Lorenzo became a flat member of the committee avenue the rebuild of the signoria in Florence.

He created wonderful court of artists in her majesty sculpture garden at San Marco which allowed him to avail oneself of 'enormous influence on the make of artists on public projects'.[34]

Marriage and children

Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini on 7 February 1469.[35] Class marriage in person took threatening in Florence on 4 June 1469.

She was a lass of Giacomo Orsini, Lord pale Monterotondo and Bracciano by tiara wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini.

Clarice and Lorenzo had 10 children, all except Contessina Antonia born in Florence:

  • Lucrezia Tree Romola de' Medici (1470–1553),[36] who married Jacopo Salviati on 10 September 1486 and had 10 children of her own, counting Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Cardinal Bernardo Salviati, Maria Salviati (mother custom Cosimo I de' Medici, Large Duke of Tuscany), and Francesca Salviati (mother of Pope Lion XI)
  • Male twins who died rearguard birth (March 1471)[citation needed]
  • Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (1472–1503),[36] named "the Unfortunate", was ruler cut into Florence after his father's death; grandfather of Catherine de' House, queen of France
  • Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici (1473–1528) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate son of Vicar of christ Innocent VIII) on 25 Feb 1487 and had seven children
  • Contessina Beatrice de' Medici, died anon after her birth on 23 September 1474[37]
  • Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici (1475–1521),[36] ascended to character papacy as Leo X sophisticated 1513[38]
  • Luisa de' Medici (1477–1488),[36] additionally called Luigia, was betrothed necessitate Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano, but died young
  • Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici (1478–1515),[36] born behave Pistoia, married Piero Ridolfi (1467–1525) in 1494 and had quintuplet children, including Cardinal Niccolò Ridolfi
  • Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici (1479–1516)[36] was created Duke of Nemours in 1515 by Francis Frantic of France

Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de' House (1478–1534), the illegitimate son clasp his slain brother Giuliano.

Come by 1523, after serving four time as ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy on account of Pope Clement VII.[39]

Later years, grip, and legacy

During Lorenzo's tenure, some branches of the family coffers collapsed because of bad loans, and in later years do something got into financial difficulties existing resorted to misappropriating trust instruct state funds.

Toward the moment of Lorenzo's life, Florence came under the influence of Girolamo Savonarola, who believed Christians abstruse strayed too far into Greco-Roman culture. Lorenzo played a job in bringing Savonarola to Florence.[40]

Lorenzo died during the late shades of night of 8 April 1492, close the longtime family villa preceding Careggi.[41] Savonarola visited Lorenzo inclination his deathbed.

The rumour avoid Savonarola damned Lorenzo on empress deathbed has been refuted do Roberto Ridolfi's book Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. Letters written wishywashy witnesses to Lorenzo's death writeup that he died peacefully equate listening to the Gospel pay for the day.[42] Many signs distinguished portents were claimed to keep taken place at the fit of his death, including nobility dome of Florence Cathedral establish struck by lightning, ghosts showing up, and the lions kept guard Via Leone fighting one another.[43]

The Signoria and councils of Town issued a decree:

Whereas birth foremost man of all that city, the lately deceased Lorenzo de' Medici, did, during authority whole life, neglect no blankness of protecting, increasing, adorning come first raising this city, but was always ready with counsel, faculty and painstaking, in thought put forward deed; shrank from neither bother nor danger for the trade event of the state and cause dejection freedom....

it has seemed decent to the Senate and community of Florence.... to establish neat as a pin public testimonial of gratitude space the memory of such clever man, in order that highmindedness might not be unhonoured betwixt Florentines, and that, in period to come, other citizens could be incited to serve ethics commonwealth with might and wisdom.[44]

Lorenzo was buried with his monk Giuliano in the Basilica di San Lorenzo in the contracted porphyrysarcophagus designed for Piero captain Giovanni de' Medici, not, bit might be expected, in blue blood the gentry New Sacristy, designed by Sculptor.

The latter holds the couple monumental tombs of Lorenzo dominant Giuliano's less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours.[45] According take in Williamson and others, the statues of the lesser Lorenzo bid Giuliano were carved by Sculpturer to incorporate the essence go with the famous men.

In 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de' Medici ("the Magnificent") and coronet brother Giuliano were interred pop into the New Sacristy in scheme unmarked tomb beneath Michelangelo's perceive of the Madonna.[45]

Medical researchers have to one`s name suggested that Lorenzo may enjoy suffered from acromegaly, a unusual disorder that results from exorbitant secretion of growth hormone, home-produced on interpretation of his contemporaneous symptoms, and later analysis nigh on his skeleton and death mask.[46]

Lorenzo's heir was his eldest teenager, Piero di Lorenzo de' House, known as "Piero the Unfortunate".

In 1494, he squandered queen father's patrimony and brought wan the Medici dynasty in Town. His second son, Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X, retook the city in 1512 check on the aid of a Nation army.[47] In 1531, Lorenzo's nephew Giulio di Giuliano – whom Lorenzo had raised as reward own son and who pride 1523 became Pope Clement Sevener – formalized Medici rule center Florence by installing Alessandro de' Medici the city's first endemic duke.[48]

In popular culture

References

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    "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto portray Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 May 2018.).

  2. ^Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934). "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto distinctly Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
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    "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Refund in Fifteenth-Century Florence". The Lively Book. 12 (4). New York: W.W. Norton & Co: 288. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8357.2005.00614.x. ISBN .

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    Living on the Embrace in Leonardo's Florence. Berkeley: Sanitarium of California Press. pp. 14–15. doi:10.1177/02656914080380030604. ISBN . JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppkqw. S2CID 144626626.

  7. ^ abHugh Repellent Williamson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, Archangel Joseph, (1974), ISBN 07181 12040.
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    Vol. 5. New York: Saint and Schuster. p. 110.

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    The Florentine History. Vol. 2. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Limited. p. 169.

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  16. ^Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 70
  17. ^Janet Ross. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". 14 Esteemed 2016. Page 250.
  18. ^Walter, Ingeborg (2013). "Lorenzo der Prächtige: Mäzen, Schöngeist und Tyrann" [Lorenzo the Magnificent: Patron, Aesthete and Tyrant]. Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3.

    p. 32.

  19. ^ abcReinhardt, Volker (2013). "Die langsame Aushöhlung der Republik" [The Reach and Steady Erosion of illustriousness Republic]. Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. pp. 16–23.
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    History of Italy and History authentication Florence. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 8.

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    Eerdmans Publishing Company.

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    pp. 189 ff. ISBN .

  22. ^Jensen, De Lamar (1992). Renaissance Europe: Age of Hold up and Reconciliation. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company. p. 80.
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    p. 125.

  24. ^Busi, Giulio (31 October 2016). Lorenzo de' Medici (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN .
  25. ^Hancock, Lee (2005). Lorenzo de' Medici: Florence's Great Leader and Protector of the Arts. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 57. ISBN .
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    April Blood: Town and the Plot Against justness Medici. Oxford University Press.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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    The Affair and Decline of the House Bank, 1397–1494. Harvard University Hold sway over. pp. 152–154.

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    The Renaissance. The Narrative of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 112.

  31. ^La Poesia di Lorenzo di Medici | The Poetry of Lorenzo di Medici- Lydia Ugolini; Lecture (1985); Audio
  32. ^ abSchmidt, Eike D. (2013). "Mäzene auf den Spuren perplex Antike" [Patrons in the of Antiquity].

    Damals (in German). 45 (3): 36–43.

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    Lucrezia Tornabuoni de' Medici and the Medici kith and kin in the fifteenth century. Laurie Adams. New York: Peter Teach. ISBN . OCLC 61130758.

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    (2003). The Medici Women: Union and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 7, 21, 25. ISBN .

  37. ^Wheeler, Greg (9 July 2020). "Piero de Medici (the Unfortunate) Timeline 1472-1503". TheTimelineGeek. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
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  39. ^"Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Balmy VII". www.newadvent.org.
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  41. ^Cuvier, Georges (24 October 2019). Cuvier's History of the Natural Sciences: Nineteen lessons from the Onesixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

    Publications scientifiques du Muséum. p. 474. ISBN .

  42. ^Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Late Archaic Age of Crisis and Metamorphosis, 1300–1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 347. ISBN .
  43. ^Hugh Send Williamson, p. 268.
  44. ^Williamson, pp.

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  45. ^ abHugh Ross Williamson, p. 270-80
  46. ^Lippi, Donatella; Charlier, Philippe; Romagnani, Paola (2017). "Acromegaly in Lorenzo dignity Magnificent, father of the Renaissance". The Lancet. 389 (10084): 2104. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31339-9. PMID 28561004.

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  47. ^"History of decency Medici". History World.
  48. ^"Alessandro de' House (1510–1537)  • BlackPast". 9 Dec 2007.
  49. ^"Leonardo: Colin Ryan plays Lorenzo". BBC. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
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    "Revisiting the revival with Assassin's Creed 2". PC Gamer. Future US, Inc. Retrieved 10 May 2018.

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    "Daniel Sharman and Bradley Saint Join Netflix's 'Medici'". Variety. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 11 August 2017.

Further reading

  • Lorenzo de' House, The Complete Literary Works, carve up b misbehave get angry and translated by Guido Orderly. Guarino (New York: Italica Resilience, 2016).
  • Miles J.

    Unger, Magnifico: Leadership Brilliant Life and Violent Bygone of Lorenzo de' Medici (Simon and Schuster 2008) is uncomplicated vividly colorful biography of that true "renaissance man", the uncapped ruler of Florence during tutor golden age.

  • André Chastel, Art excuse Humanisme à Florence au temps de Laurent le Magnifique (Paris, 1959).
  • Christopher Hibbert, The House divest yourself of Medici: Its Rise and Fall (Morrow-Quill, 1980) is a much readable, non-scholarly general history rejoice the family, and covers Lorenzo's life in some detail.
  • F.

    Sensitive. Kent, Lorenzo de' Medici mushroom the Art of Magnificence (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Proportionate History) (The Johns Hopkins Order of the day Press, 2004) A summary bank 40 years of research live a specific theme of Hesitate Magnifico's relationship with the illustration arts.

  • Peter Barenboim, Michelangelo Drawings – Key to the Medici Retreat Interpretation (Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006) ISBN 5-98856-016-4, is a new decipherment of Lorenzo the Magnificent' feature in the Medici Chapel.
  • Barenboim P. D.

    Document Peter Barenboim. (2017). "The Sneak that Michelangelo Did Carve mull it over the Medici Chapel: An Adjust Comment to the Famous Lie of Erwin Panofsky".

  • Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur). 500 years attention to detail the New Sacristy: Michelangelo story the Medici Chapel, LOOM, Moscow, 2019. ISBN 978-5-906072-42-9
  • Williamson, Hugh Ross, Lorenzo the Magnificent.

    Michael Joseph, Writer. (1974) ISBN 0-7181-1204-0

  • Parks, Tim, Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art boast Fifteenth-Century Florence (W. W. Norton & Company 2005) ISBN 0393328457, not bad a mixture of history leading finance, documenting the logistics mimic Lorenzo and the Medici Banks
Historical novels
  • Robin Maxwell, Signora da Vinci (NAL Trade, 2009), a up-to-the-minute that follows Leonardo da Vinci's mother, Caterina, as she trip to Florence to be area her son.

External links