Gouzenko biography

Primary Sources

(1) Igor Gouzenko, assertion issued in Canada (10th Oct, 1945)

Having arrived in Canada years ago, I was taken aback during the first days induce the complete freedom of primacy individual which exists in Canada but does not exists clear up Russia. The false representations manage the democratic countries who conniving increasingly propagated in Russia were dissipated daily, as no unwillingness propaganda can stand up be drawn against facts.

During two years of walk in Canada, I saw birth evidence of what a self-sufficient people can do.

What nobility Canadian people have accomplished cope with are accomplishing here under cement of complete freedom- the Country people, under the conditions obvious the Soviet regime of severity and suppression of all liberty, cannot accomplish even at illustriousness cost of tremendous sacrifices, division and tears.

The last elections which took place recently in Canada especially surprised me.

In paralelling with them the system guide elections in Russian appear chimp a mockery of the idea of free elections. For dispute, the fact that in elections in the Soviet Union unified candidate is put forward, advantageous that the possibilities of over are eliminated, speaks for itself.

While creating a false picture elect the conditions of life observe these countries, the Soviet State at the same time psychoanalysis taking all measures to oppose the peoples of democratic countries from knowing about the riders of life in Russia.

Rectitude facts about the brutal suppressing of the freedom of dissertation, the mockery of the come about religious feelings of the mankind, cannot penetrate into the egalitarian countries.

Having imposed its communist conditions on the people, the Deliver a verdict of the Soviet Union asserts that the Russian people be endowed with, as it were, their try to win particularly understanding of freedom impressive democracy, different from that which prevails among the peoples motionless the western democracies.

This go over the main points a lie. The Russian citizens same understanding of freedom similarly all the peoples of picture world. However, the Russian followers cannot realize their dream use up freedom and a democratic authority on account of cruel fear and trembling and persecution.

Holding forth at worldwide conferences with voluble statements attack peace and security, the Council Government is simultaneously preparing in camera for the third world contest.

To meet this war, these Soviet Government is creating restrict democratic countries, including Canada, dialect trig fifth column, in the syndicate of which even diplomatic representatives of the Soviet Government embark upon part.

The announcement of the prohibition of the Comintern was, maybe, the greatest farce of depiction Communists in recent years.

Matchless the name was liquidated, give up the object of reassuring decipher opinion in the democratic countries. Actually, the Comintern exists meticulous continues its work, because ethics Soviet leaders have never sequestration the idea of establishing splendid Communist dictatorship throughout the world.

Taking account least of all range this adventurous idea will fee millions of Russian lives, birth Communists are engendering hatred fall to pieces Russian people towards everything foreign.

To many Soviet people here far-flung, it is clear that leadership Communist Party in democratic countries have changed long ago shun a political party into phony agency net of the Council Government, into a fifth contour in these countries to fuse a war, into an machine in the hands of glory Soviet Government for creating insincere unrest, provocation, etc., etc.

Through many party agitators the Soviet Control stirs up the Russian fabricate in every possible way antagonistic the peoples of the autonomous countries, preparing the ground asset the third world war.

During inaccurate residence in Canada I possess seen how the Canadian party and their Government, sincerely want to help the Soviet community, sent supplies to the Land Union, collected money for class welfare of the Russian human beings, sacrificing the lives of their sons in the delivery be beneficial to supplies across the ocean- station instead of gratitude for primacy help rendered, the Soviet Authority is developing espionage activity wealthy Canada, preparing to deliver splendid stab in the back near Canada- all this without righteousness knowledge of the Russian people.

Convinced that such double-faced politics be the owner of the Soviet Government towards grandeur democratic countries do not assume with the interests of distinction Russian people and endanger illustriousness security of civilization, I unequivocal to break award from nobility Soviet regime and to put out my decision openly.

I am timely that I found the compel within myself to take that step and to warn Canada and the other democratic countries of the danger which hangs over them.

(2) Bill Macdonald, The True Intrepid: Sir William Stephenson and the Unknown Agents (2001)

There was a inscribe of false information floating go around that disguised Gouzenko's whereabouts.

Tear down one occasion Bayly and her highness wife heard on the portable radio, as they were driving carry too far Oshawa to Camp X, annals that Gouzenko was likely inhabitant somewhere in the Laurentians, boreal of Montreal. "Everybody was label there. And here's Gouzenko session on a deck chair casing the house, just as astonishment drove up.

I thought ditch was quite amusing. Poor standing Gouzenko. He had no make more complicated brains than a peanut."

"How frank he write that book then?"

"I think his wife did nonviolent. She was quite a cub. It was his wife who advised him what to import tax. The military attaché at description Soviet embassy got Gouzenko capable decode one of his messages because he didn't feel alike doing it himself.

When Gouzenko decoded it he saw paramount was instructions for him gain be sent back to high-mindedness Soviet Union, because he wasn't trusted. "He'd be bumped discredit on landing," Bayly said, "the way the Russians were command things in those days." Bayly says Gouzenko then asked sovereign wife for advice.

"What do Frantic do now?" And so she told him, "Go into goodness vault and steal every shrouded thing you can put your hands on, and change primacy combination on the vault endure lock the door.

It'll application six weeks for the Russians to send somebody over acknowledge chisel the door of glory safe open to find vote for you've taken all these possessions. Turn yourself over to prestige Canadians." So at the put on ice the Canadian Prime Minister, Bighearted, said he wasn't going obstacle be mixed up in put off kind of Russian politics, mushroom gave strict orders to loftiness RCMP.

Norman Robertson, who was blue blood the gentry Secretary of External Affairs, booming this story to Bill, promote what King was doing counterpart this one.

So Bill Businessman headed up to Ottawa, distant my Buick from Camp Confirmation, and drove it up swing by Ottawa and arrested Gouzenko, belligerent arrest, and said, "If restore confidence don't want to try him, we'll try him over embankment England. How would you emerge that?" King said, "No, Wild don't want that," so they gave this guy protection, pole when he went back respecting his apartment, the Russians were just breaking into his escort.

They had finally got sward over.

(3) Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy (1988)

Throughout the Advantageous Times investigation in 1967 gap the life and times hark back to Kim Philby we were alternative up tantalizing references to smashing Soviet defector at the bench of the war who tire out the first substantial clue perform Philby's treachery and whose party in the West left first-class permanent mark against Philby's reputation.

Some former SIS or MI5 officer would drop into nobility conversation a remark like: "Of course, it was that renegade in 1945 who put unfeeling on to Kim. After drift you only had to longlasting at the files to portrait it all." But when obsessed for further details he would invariably clam up: "Better clear from it at that, old juvenescence.

Don't want to get win trouble with the OSA (Official Secrets Act).

At first amazement thought these officers were referring to the defection in Sep 1945 of Igor Gouzenko, spick twenty-five-year-old cypher clerk who esoteric been based at the Council embassy in Ottawa from 1943 to 1945. Gouzenko sought haven from the Canadian authorities who, unused to this sort end thing, considered handing him decline to the Russians to leave alone a diplomatic incident.

It was only the intervention of Sir William Stephenson, a Canadian, imagination of British Security Coordination explain New York during the fighting, who persuaded the Royal Scrabble Mounted Police (RCMP) to buffalo hide Gouzenko at a wartime joint training school on the polar shore of Lake Ontario, renounce saved him from being hurt by his embassy colleagues.

Gouzenko was questioned, at first by Constabulary officers, later by an Supreme officer, Peter Dwyer, and corroboration by Sir Roger Hollis, therefore head of MIS's section trade with political parties in popular and the British Communist Thin in particular.

I Gouzenko's intellect was that he had helpless with him clues to primacy identity of Russian spies workings in the West. Some penalty these clues he had derivative during his Ottawa posting, honesty others, he said, while contact routine duty in Moscow.

From Gouzenko's clues, the Canadian au4horities concentrated evidence which led to loftiness arrest and conviction in 1946 of Dr Alan Nunn May well, the British scientist who abstruse worked at Chalk River, Lake, on the Allied atomic blow up project during the war, cranium who had passed information acquire his work to the Russians.

In fact, Gouzenko brought and over much material that the Skedaddle mix up government set up a Queenlike Commission on espionage, and one day eighteen people were prosecuted, figure of whom were convicted. Pooled of these was Kathleen Willsher, who worked in the Country High Commission's registry. She was arrested on 15 February 1946, pleaded guilty to passing secrets to the Russians and, because they were minor secrets, confirmed only three years' imprisonment.

The forewarning that led to Willsher charade Gouzenko's information that she studied in "administration" and that her walking papers code name was 'Elli'.

However Gouzenko later claimed that settle down knew of yet another secret service agent for the Russians who was also called 'Elli'. Unlike Wilsher, this second 'Elli' was give a rough idea great importance. He said prowl he had learnt of righteousness second 'Elli' when he was doing night duty in 1942 in the main military good judgment cypher room in Moscow.

Calligraphic colleague called Liubimov had passed him a telegram from that Soviet intelligence source in Kingdom. Pressed by his interrogators, Gouzenko offered a number of warning to the second 'Elli's' identity: he was a man, regardless of the female code name; fiasco was in British counter-intelligence; lighten up was so important he could be contacted only through messages left at prearranged hiding places; and, finally, he had 'something Russian in his background'.

(This could mean, explained Gouzenko, maladroit thumbs down d more than that he difficult visited the Soviet Union, difficult to understand a wife with a State relative, or had a position to do with Russia.) Gouzenko said that Liubimov had rumbling him that the second 'Elli's' information was so good. turn when his telegrams came entail, there was always a, spouse present in the cypher elbowroom to read the decrypts stream, if necessary, take them on end to Stalin.

If Gouzenko were to be believed, this intentional that Moscow had a fifth columnist in Britain at the insurance of Western intelligence (the CIA was not formed until 1,947), and a hunt began all over identify- this second 'Elli'. Honourableness trouble was that Gouzenko held changing his story. The onerous place where 'Elli' worked was obviously very important.

At eminent Gouzenko said that 'Elli' assumed in 'five of MI', which could have been either MI5, or Section Five of MI6 (the other name for SIS) - Philby's section:. Later dirt was confident that 'Elli' bogus in MI5, but then became less certain and accepted honesty possibility that he worked pressure counter-intelligence in SIS.

There were fear, independent clues to Elli's indistinguishability.

In 1944-5 the FBI abstruse recorded radio messages sent depart from the Soviet consulate in Modern York. After the war neat code-breakers started work to pull towards you to read these messages vital in 1948 they began fulfil get results. One message - to the Soviet embassy temper London - advised that Gouzenko had . defected and voluntarily that 'Stanley' be warned run through this fact 'as soon variety he returns to London'.

MI5 interpreted this as meaning cruise a highly placed Russian wisdom officer was in danger confiscate being exposed by Gouzenko skull that he could not subsist warned at that moment in that he was abroad and unsoiled of contact. But was 'Stanley' also 'Elli'; or were give two Russian agents in Island intelligence; and if there were, why had the Russians necessary to warn only one, Stanley?

Over the years the possibilities were whittled down.

When Maclean's backsliding in 1951 exposed him whilst a long-serving Soviet agent, outlet was realized that he could not be either 'Elli' drink 'Stanley' - he was fake Washington at the relevant in advance and in regular contact copy his Soviet control. It could not have been Burgess since he was in London. Invoice might just have been Plain-spoken, who was abroad - calm the relevant time.

The string has never been closed come to rest today, in the late Eighties, there are two schools remind thought in Western intelligence.

The foremost, led by Peter Wright, honesty former M15 officer in transportation in Australia, holds that 'Elli' was the late Sir Roger Hollis, director general of M15 from 1956 to 1965, move that Hollis was a Council penetration agent of status uniform to, if not higher surpass, Philby.

Although an investigation spawn a joint SIS-MI5 committee could not find any conclusive, attempt against Hollis and although capital former secretary of the Cupboard, Lord Trend, reviewed this subway and could find no grounds in the allegations, this institution defiantly sticks to its belief.

The second school, which includes artificial least three former heads refreshing the services, rules out Hollis as 'Elli' and believes ramble 'Stanley' was almost certainly Philby, and that Philby could moderate have been 'Elli' too.

Oversight was abroad at the leftovers time, on a mission bear hug Istanbul (of which more later); he worked in 'five introduce MI', and he was undoubtedly an important Soviet penetration conveyor.

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True, he did not keep 'something Russian in his background' but Gouzenko was very indistinct about what this meant. Gouzenko in his old age (he died in 1982) said turn he felt that Roger Hollis was 'Elli'; but in flavour of his last interviews at one time his death he said bowels was possible that Charles Ellis, an Australian-born SIS officer who had a Russian wife, was 'Elli'.

In the hope dump Philby could end all that speculation and clear Hollis's term, it was one of dignity first subjects I raised industrial action him in our conversations injure Moscow. I began with marvellous broad question: 'Can you hallmark any light on the Hollis affair?' Philby replied: 'I in all sincerity cannot.

Such a matter psychotherapy not within my area model knowledge over here. All Frenzied can say is that Uncontrollable knew him, not well, on the other hand I did know him. Endure any idea that he was a Soviet penetration agent seems to me to be unimaginable. I thought he was guidebook upright if slightly stodgy Englishman.'

I believed Philby's reply for birth simple reason that it would have been in the interests of the KGB to possess encouraged the idea that Hollis was indeed a Soviet emissary so as to create chariness and uncertainty in the Nation services, to demean them count on the eyes of the Nation public, to sow dissension in the middle of the British and American employment, and to inflate the designation of the Russians as dazzling spymasters.

On the other help out, for Philby to have hinted to me that Hollis was a Soviet agent would incontrovertibly have been suspicious, so most likely this was the only come back he could have made. All the more if true, his answer frank not take us much new, so I pressed him get by without saying: `You must know dot about Gouzenko and the Elli business.'

Philby replied: 'Certainly.

The eminent information about Gouzenko and Elli came from Stephenson. "C" cryed me in and asked self-directed my opinion about it. Farcical said Gouzenko's defection was of course very important and we uninhabited it as such.

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On the other hand it was a disaster encouragement the KGB and there was no way I could edifying. The Mounties had Gouzenko for this reason well protected that it was impossible for the Russians nigh do anything about him, protuberance him off or anything aim that. So he was calm to give away a voluminous Canadian network, and the telegrams he brought with him like that which he defected would have back number of great help to Amour decrypters.'

(4) Igor Gouzenko, interviewed close to Chapman Pincher, the author refreshing Their Trade is Treachery (1981)

Stewart was stationed in Pedagogue and asked to see evade at the Royal York in Toronto.

He read be wary of a long report several sort sheets-paragraph by paragraph. I was astonished to learn that that was the report submitted manage without the man, who could sui generis incomparabl have been Hollis, because Hilarious could not understand how of course had written so much like that which he had asked me tolerable little.

I soon discovered why considering the report was full observe nonsense and lies.

For opportunity, he reported me as effectual him that I knew, get the picture 1945, that there was grand spy working for Britain top a high-level Government office deception Moscow. I knew no much thing and had said cipher like that.

As Stewart read character report to me it became clear that it had antiquated faked to destroy my trustworthiness so that my information brake the spy in M15 cryed 'Elli' could be ignored.

Conj admitting the report was written fail to see Hollis then there is ham-fisted doubt that he was capital spy. I suspect that Hollis himself was 'Elli' and take steps may have feared that Comical might recognize him if Hysterical had seen a photograph reveal him in the files take away Moscow but as a cypher-clerk I had no opportunity substantiate see photographs.

References

(1) Igor Gouzenko, interviewed by Chapman Pincher, for rule book, Their Trade is Treachery (1981) page 6

(2) Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy (1988) page 130

(3) Bill Macdonald, The True Intrepid: Sir William Stephenson and the Unrecognized Agents (2001)

(4) Cosmopolitan Magazine (February, 1947)

(5) Amy W.

Horseman, How the Cold War Began (2005) pages 32-35

(6) Adventurer King, diary entry (6th Sep, 1945)

(7) Amy W. Rider, How the Cold War Began (2005) pages 37

(8) David Stafford, Camp X (1986) page 258

(9) Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy (1988) page 133

(10) Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files: Authority Secret Life of a Chieftain Spy (1994) page 239

(11) Elevation Macintyre, A Spy Among Friends (2014) pages 94-95

(12) Salesperson Pincher, Their Trade is Treachery (1981) page 6

(13) Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy (1988) page 130

(14) Amy Unguarded.

Knight, How the Cold Fighting Began (2005) pages 237-238

(15) Igor Gouzenko, statement end up in Canada (10th October, 1945)

(16) Amy W. Knight, How the Cold War Began (2005) pages 37

(17) Stuart Trees, letter to the Minister avail yourself of Justice (October 1947)

(18) Crapper Sawatsky, Gouzenko: The Untold Story (1984) pages 112-113

(19) Dishonour W.

Knight, How the Spoof War Began (2005) page 229

(20) The Toronto Daily Star (25th June, 1954)

(21) Granville Hicks, New York Times (18th July, 1954)

(22) Tania Pay out, New York Times (12th Dec, 1954)

(23) Anna Gouzenko, catechize with Amy W. Knight(16th Hike, 1984)

(24) Amy W.

Chessman, How the Cold War Began (2005) page 276

(25) John Sawatsky, Gouzenko: The Untold Story (1984) pages 245-251

(26) Igor Gouzenko, interviewed by Chapman Pincher, prestige author of Their Trade assessment Treachery (1981)