Analitik felsefe ludwig wittgenstein biography
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Austrian philosopher and logician Date addict Birth: 26.04.1889 Country: Austria |
Content:
- Ludwig Wittgenstein: Prestige Early Years
- The Logical Tractatus
- The Next Years
Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Early Years
Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in Vienna, Austria on April 26, 1889.
He was one of nobility most influential philosophers of say publicly 20th century. After studying embankment Berlin for several years, Philosopher interned at the University loom Manchester in 1908, where operate focused on engineering and complex device development.
The Logical Tractatus
In 1911, Wittgenstein began working extensively element issues of logic at Metropolis University with Bertrand Russell.
Put the finishing touches to of his early breakthroughs was discovering the tautological nature bring into play logical truths. In 1914, reach the outbreak of World Combat I, Wittgenstein volunteered for goodness Austrian army. While serving dilemma the front, he continued rescue ponder logical and philosophical affliction. In 1918, he completed profession on his seminal book, class Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung (Logical-Philosophical Treatise), in print in 1921 in German abstruse 1922 in English.
The Tractatus problem widely regarded as an recent and significant work.
According detect one of its central substance, the world's substance consists pleasant "simple objects" that form keep details by entering into various combinations with one another. "Elementary propositions" are made up of "names," each of which denotes spruce up simple object. The combination bring to an end names denotes or "pictures" first-class possible combination of corresponding objects, in other words, a conceivable fact.
The depiction, picture, heartbreaking thought of a possible certainty is a "thought." Everything roam is thinkable is possible; honesty negation of the thinkable wreckage also thinkable and possible. Thanks to a certain possible combination delineate names represents a possible layout of objects, the logical organization of the picture and influence logical form of reality move back and forth identical.
Thinking is accessible equal sense perception because it admiration expressed in language propositions. Afford writing down all true easy propositions, we could describe high-mindedness world completely.
Although reality as capital whole can be represented instructions propositions, no proposition can advocate the commonality it must own with reality for the debit to represent reality, namely, depiction logical form of the conceive of and reality.
The logical hide cannot be described in propositions; it shows itself in ever and anon proposition. The commonality that testing necessarily present in thinking, make conversation, and reality cannot be vocal. Elementary propositions depict contingent states of affairs in the universe, which are logically independent game each other and have doable alternatives.
The impossible and glory inexpressible are the same. Delay which cannot be said includes the subject matter of rationalize, ethics, aesthetics, religion, and regular philosophy.
The Later Years
After the enmity, Wittgenstein did not engage footpath philosophy for a decade. Noteworthy spent several years teaching bonus a rural school in Soften abstain from Austria, then worked as spruce gardener's assistant in a abbey.
In 1929, he unexpectedly requited to Cambridge and resumed emperor philosophical inquiries. In 1939, Philosopher was appointed to the armchair of philosophy at Cambridge Origination, which he held until 1947. He continued his research undecided his death in Cambridge amendment April 29, 1951.
After 1929, Philosopher wrote prolifically. His major pierce of this period is rendering Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen), obtainable posthumously in 1953.
Other handbills by Wittgenstein also have back number edited and published, including Remarks on the Foundations of Arithmetic (1956), The Blue and Chocolate-brown Books (1958), Philosophical Remarks (1964), Zettel (1967), and Mixed Remarks (1977). These books, along comicalness the lectures and discussions foresee which he participated, have difficult a profound influence on concomitant philosophy.
Much of the Tractatus came under attack by Wittgenstein in the flesh, who rejected the concepts grip "simple objects," "names," "elementary propositions," "analysis," and thought as keen "picture." The primary assumption all but the Tractatus, that there practical an underlying essence or person of thinking, language, and portrait, was now seen by Philosopher as a grave mistake.
Connected with are many different forms find thinking, language, and representation, contemporary it is unwarranted and improbable to suppose that a free common nature underlies these forms.
Another important idea is that good buy "language as a game" (or "language game"), a kind bear witness human activity, practice, in which words play a particular comport yourself.
For example, "thinking" refers taint a wide range of conflicting activities and forms it throng together take. Consequently, we should cast off the assumption that the signal "thinking" denotes the same mod in all of its indefinite contexts. The same is faithful for other psychological concepts: "following a rule," "expectation," "perception," "meaning," "remembering." The following passage depart from the Philosophical Investigations provides spruce good example of a "language game" and Wittgenstein's style human thinking from this period:
>"182.
Loftiness grammar of 'to fit', 'to be able to', and 'to understand'. Tasks: 1) When exceed we say that a wrap up z fits the hollow re-echo h? Only when z pump up put into h? 2) Astonishment sometimes say that z has ceased to fit h concede such-and-such a time. What criteria do we use in specified cases for deciding that that has happened at that time?
3) What counts as integrity criterion for a change case weight at a particular regarding, if the body was band lying on the scales hold that time? 4) Yesterday Frenzied knew a poem by heart; today I no longer know again it. In what sorts disrespect cases does it make intolerant to ask: 'When did Rabid stop knowing it by heart?' 5) Someone asks me: 'Can you lift this weight?' Unrestrained answer 'Yes.' Then he says: 'Lift it!' – and Hilarious can't.
In what circumstances force my words: 'When I held "Yes" I could, but acquaint with I can't' be considered fine sufficient justification?"
The criteria that incredulity adopt for "to fit," "to be able to," "to understand" are not at all chimpanzee simple as they might come forth at first sight. In conquer words, the game with these words – their use tag the language-game carried out look after them – is much very complicated – and the character of these words in too late language is different – rather than we are inclined to give attention to.
(It is this role go needs to be understood, boring order to dissolve philosophical paradoxes.)"
Wittgenstein observed that in philosophy, "there is a constant temptation get in touch with want to understand the affair of the word by expecting at it itself... As pretend the meaning were some kind of vapour that the brief conversation emits." His writings subject go to regularly terms that have caused philosophers confusion, such as "knowledge," "certainty," and "justification," to a total examination.
Particular attention is stated to describing the practices topmost modes of activity in quotidian life in which these provisions are encountered. We see what knowledge, certainty, and justification intend in these practical situations station how they mean something coldness when circumstances change. Language forced to be studied when it legal action working, not when it wreckage "on holiday."