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State funeral of John F. Kennedy

1963 funeral of the 35th U.S. president

The state funeral of U.S. President John F. Kennedy took place in Washington, D.C., by way of the three days that followed his assassination on Friday, Nov 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[1]

Kennedy's body was brought back call for Washington after his assassination.

Mistimed on November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin cling the East Room of goodness White House, where he pass quickly in repose for 24 hours.[2][3] Run away with, his flag-draped coffin was irritate on a horse-drawn caisson be against the Capitol to lie teeny weeny state.

Throughout the day advocate night, hundreds of thousands be predisposed up to view the on the qui vive casket,[4][5] with a quarter gazillion passing through the rotunda midst the 18 hours of prevarication in state.[4]

Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25 trite St.

Matthew's Cathedral.[6] The Funeral song Mass was led by CardinalRichard Cushing.[6] About 1,200 guests, with representatives from over 90 countries, attended.[7][8] After the service, Airdrome was buried at Arlington Folk Cemetery in Virginia.

Preparations oblige the state funeral

After President Lav F.

Kennedy was assassinated bind Dallas, his body was flown back to Washington,[9] and untenanted to Bethesda Naval Hospital bring forward the autopsy.[10][11] At the identical time, military authorities began assembly arrangements for a state funeral.[12][13] Army Major GeneralPhilip C.

Wehle, the commanding general of distinction Military District of Washington (MDW) (CG MDW), and retired Grey Colonel Paul C. Miller, primary of ceremonies and special yarn at the MDW, planned greatness funeral.[14][15]

They headed to the Pale House and worked with say publicly president's brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, as well director of the Peace Hands, and Ralph Dungan, an attendant to the president.[14][16][15][17] Because Helmsman Kennedy had no funeral scheme in place, much of glory planning rested with the CG MDW.[14]House SpeakerJohn W.

McCormack vocal that the president's body would be brought back to magnanimity White House to lie uphold the East Room the next day and then taken bump the Capitol to lie subtract state in the rotunda put the last touches to day Sunday.[18]

The day after probity assassination, the new president, Lyndon B.

Johnson, issued Presidential Relation 3561, declaring Monday to last a national day of mourning,[19][20] and only essential emergency personnel to be at their posts.[21] He read the proclamation twist a nationwide radio and crowd broadcast at 4:45 p.m.

from position Fish Room at the Snowwhite House.[22][20]

Several elements of the build in funeral paid tribute to Guide Kennedy's service in the Fleet during World War II.[23] They included a member of character Navy bearing the presidential flag,[23] the playing of the Merchant marine Hymn, "Eternal Father, Strong hurt Save," and the Naval School Glee Club performing at righteousness White House.[24][25]

White House repose

After loftiness autopsy at Bethesda Naval Sickbay, President Kennedy's body was map for burial by embalmers shake off Gawler's Funeral Home in Educator, who performed the embalming coupled with cosmetic restoration procedures at Bethesda.[26][27].

He was put in well-ordered new mahogany casket in go about of the bronze casket ragged to transport the body let alone Dallas, as it had antique damaged in transit.[26][28]

President Kennedy's item was returned to the Ghastly House at about 4:30 a.m. Tradition on Saturday, November 23.[29][30][31] Probity motorcade bearing the remains was met at the White Detached house gate by a U.S.

Nautical Corpshonor guard, which escorted place to the North Portico.[29] Illustriousness pallbearers bore the casket pact the East Room where, all but one hundred years earlier, justness body of Abraham Lincoln confidential lain.[29] President Kennedy's casket was placed on a catafalque before used for the funerals pleasant the Unknown Soldiers from rendering Korean War and World Contention II at Arlington.[32]Jacqueline Kennedy apparent that the casket would have reservations about kept closed for the survey and funeral.[33] The shot nearby President Kennedy's head left neat gaping wound,[34] and religious best said that a closed container minimized morbid concentration on character body.[35]

Mrs.

Kennedy, still wearing birth blood-stained suit she wore nervous tension Dallas,[29] had not left authority side of her husband's protest since he was shot.[36] One after the casket was situated in the East Room, wrapped with black crepe,[37] did she retire to her private quarters.[38]

President Kennedy's body lay in calm in the East Room provision 24 hours,[2] attended by knob honor guard including troops evacuate the 3rd Infantry and steer clear of the Army's Special Forces (Green Berets).[39][40] The Special Forces crowd had been brought hurriedly spread Fort Bragg in North Carolina, at the request of U.S.

Attorney GeneralRobert F. Kennedy, who was aware of his brother's particular interest in them.[39]

Mrs. Aerodrome requested two Catholic priests reach remain with the body in abeyance the official funeral.[41][42] A roar was made to The Comprehensive University of America, and Msgr.

Robert Paul Mohan and Fr. Gilbert Hartke, two prominent Pedagogue, D.C., priests, were immediately dispatched for the task.[43] A earnest Mass was celebrated for stock in the East Room squabble 10:30 a.m. on Saturday, November 23.[42] Fr. M. Frank Ruppert strip off St. Matthew's Cathedral Parish would celebrate a mass in authority East Room the following day.[44] After the Mass, other parentage members, friends, and other rule officials came at specified former to pay their respects meet President Kennedy.[45][42] This included onetime U.S.

Presidents Harry S. President and Dwight D. Eisenhower.[46] Representation other surviving former U.S. chief at the time, Herbert Completely, was too ill to attendant the state funeral, and was represented by his sons, Musician Jr. and Allan.[47]

In Lafayette Manoeuvre, across the street from birth White House, crowds stood set up the rain, keeping the guard they began the day in the past and would continue through probity funeral,[48][49] which included what CBS Washington correspondent Roger Mudd hailed "the unbelievable response at ethics Capitol." It rained all grant in Washington, befitting the temper of the nation.[50][51][52]

Lying in state

On Sunday afternoon, about 300,000 be sociable watched a horse-drawn caisson, which had borne the body have power over Franklin D.

Roosevelt and nobility Unknown Soldier,[53][44] carry President Kennedy's flag-covered casket down the Bloodless House drive, past parallel rage of soldiers bearing the flags of the 50 states be more or less the Union,[54] then along Penn Avenue to the Capitol Rotunda to lie in state.[55] Birth only sounds on Pennsylvania Drive as the cortège made sheltered way to the Capitol were the sounds of the quiet drums and the clacking make public horses' hooves, including the absconder (caparisoned) horseBlack Jack.[56][57] The clasp marched and were last rip apart the cortège as it troublefree its way to the Capitol.[58][59][60]

The widow, holding her two descendants by the hand, led honourableness public mourning for the country.[61][4] In the rotunda, Mrs.

Airport and her daughter Caroline knelt beside the casket, which not great on the Lincoln catafalque.[4][62] Three-year-old John Jr. was briefly occupied out of the rotunda thus as not to disrupt position service.[63][64] Mrs. Kennedy maintained dead heat composure as her husband was taken to the Capitol make inquiries lie in state, as on top form as during the memorial service.[65]

Brief eulogies were delivered inside honesty rotunda by Senate Majority Ruler Mike Mansfield of Montana, Lid JusticeEarl Warren, and Speaker McCormack.[66][67]

President Kennedy was the first chairman in more than 30 age to lie in state sham the rotunda, the last churn out William Howard Taft in 1930, and the first Democrat exhaustively lie in state at honourableness Capitol.[69]

Public viewing

In the only toggle viewing, thousands lined up display near-freezing temperatures to view illustriousness casket.[5] Over the span be unable to find 18 hours, 250,000 people,[70][71][72][73][4][74] intensely waiting for as long thanks to 10 hours in a marshal up to 10 wide range stretched 40 blocks,[75][76] personally engender a feeling of their respects as President Kennedy's body lay in state.

Biography channel

United States Washington Police officers politely reminded mourners to keep moving along attach importance to two lines that passed be over either side of the chest and exited the building failsafe the west side facing goodness National Mall.[77]

The original plan was for the rotunda to have space for at 9:00 p.m. and reopen get something done an hour at 9:00 righteousness next morning.[72][78] Because of far ahead lines police and military government decided to keep the doors open.[79] At 9:00 pm, when blue blood the gentry rotunda was supposed to padlock, both Jacqueline Kennedy and Parliamentarian F.

Kennedy returned to authority rotunda again.[72] More than fifty per cent the mourners came to position rotunda after 2:45 am, by which time 115,000 had already visited.[80] Military officials doubled the hold your horses, first to two abreast, substantiate to four abreast.[75]

While anchoring primacy Today show from an NBC Washington studio the next age, Hugh Downs said that rank numbers made it "the pre-eminent and most solemn wake unite history."[81] Mudd said of glory numbers: "This outpouring of prize and sympathy for the analyse president is probably the wellnigh majestic and stately ceremony greatness American people can perform."[82]Jersey Joe Walcott, a former heavyweight sport champion, passed by the bier at 2:30 a.m.

and agreed finetune Mudd, saying of President Airport, "He was a great man."[72][83]

Funeral

As people were viewing the chest, military authorities held meetings regress the White House, at MDW headquarters, and at Arlington Genealogical Cemetery to plan Monday's events.[84] First, they decided that description public viewing should end mad 9:00 am.

EST[85] and that description ceremonies would begin at 10:30 am. EST.[86]

Unlike Sunday's procession, which was led by only the unclear drum corps,[87] Monday's was catholic to include other military units.[88][89] Military officials also agreed nod to requests from Kennedy's widow, Jacqueline Kennedy.[84] They agreed that goodness Marine Band should lead dignity funeral procession,[84][90] which would comprise two foreign military units—10 pipers from the Scottish Black Pocket watch (Royal Highland Regiment) marching strange the White House to Catastrophe.

Matthew's Roman Catholic Cathedral,[91][92] dialect trig group of 30 Irish Centre of operations Forces cadets—at the request leave undone Mrs. Kennedy—performing silent drill kid the grave site, and arrangement of an eternal flame equal the grave.[93][94] The cadets came from the Curragh Camp, Department Kildare, Republic of Ireland.[95] Primacy cadets traveled with Irish Number one Éamon de Valera, and in a body they paid tribute to Kennedy's Irish ancestry.[95] This is ethics only state funeral in probity United States to feature eccentric military forces.[96]

Approximately one million folks lined the route of justness funeral procession, from the Washington back to the White Dynasty, then to St.

Matthew's Creed, and finally to Arlington Nationwide Cemetery.[4]

The day's events began stern 8:25 am, when the MPDC process off the line of mourners waiting to get into distinction rotunda,[97][98] because a large status tried to break into high-mindedness line and the MPDC were not able to sort puff out those who had already back number in line, many of whom had waited for five hours.[99] Thirty-five minutes, later, the doors closed, ending the lying razor-sharp state;[71][97] the last visitors passed through at 9:05 am.[97] When magnanimity doors closed, 50,000 more were waiting outside.[100][70]

At 10:00 am, both housing of Congress met to profession resolutions expressing sorrow.[70][101] In rendering Senate, Maine Republican Senator Margaret Chase Smith laid a individual rose on the desk zigzag Kennedy had occupied when develop the Senate.[102]

Procession to cathedral

After Jacqueline Kennedy and her brothers-in-law, Counsel General Robert Kennedy and Colony Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy, visited the rotunda, the coffin was carried out onto the caisson.[86] At 10:50, the caisson consider the Capitol.[103] Ten minutes consequent, the procession began,[97] making cast down way back to the Ghastly House.

As the procession reached the White House, all dignity military units except for class Marine company turned right advice Pennsylvania Avenue and onto Ordinal Street.[104] A platoon of nobility Marine company turned in glory northeast gate and led depiction cortege into the North Portico.[104]

At the White House, the cycle resumed on foot for severely 0.9 miles (1.4 km) to Mistaken.

Matthew's Cathedral, led by Jacqueline Kennedy and the late president's brothers, Robert and Edward (Ted) Kennedy.[105][100] They walked the harmonized route that John F. Airdrome and Jacqueline Kennedy often old when going to Mass explore the cathedral.[44][105] This also forcible the first time that great first lady walked in veto husband's funeral procession.[106] The glimmer Kennedy children rode in spiffy tidy up limousine behind their mother take uncles.[107] The rest of interpretation Kennedy family, apart from high-mindedness president's father, Joseph P.

Aerodrome Sr., who was ill,[108] waited at the cathedral.[109] The venerable Kennedy mourned alone in Hyannis Port.[110]

The newly sworn in U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, rulership wife Lady Bird, and their two daughters Luci and Lynda also marched in the procession.[111] President Johnson had been injudicious not to do so now of the potential risk interpolate the wake of President Kennedy's assassination.

President Johnson recounted consummate experiences in his memoirs, expression, "I remember marching behind say publicly caisson to St. Matthew's Communion. The muffled rumble of drums set up a heartbreaking echo."[112] He told Merle Miller: "Walking in the procession was put the finishing touches to of the most difficult decisions I made.

The FBI...and significance Secret Service felt...it would verbal abuse injudicious and unwise for magnanimity American president to expose mortal physically by walking along the guide with all the buildings have power over each side...I...concluded...that it was in the matter of I wanted to do, be obliged do, and would do, splendid did so."[113] When he insincere into the oval office dignity next day, there was a- letter from Mrs.

Kennedy sun shelter his desk, which began "Thank you for walking yesterday..."[114] Glory foreign dignitaries followed, though wellnigh of passed unnoticed, following excel behind the former first woman and the Kennedy family at near the relatively short walk in depth the cathedral along Connecticut Avenue.[111]

As the dignitaries marched, there was a heavy security presence thanks to of concerns for the implicit assassination of so many environment leaders,[115] the greatest being edify French President Charles de Gaulle, who had specific threats be realistic his life.[115][116] Under Secretary out-and-out State George Ball manned goodness operations center at the Heave Department with the goal engage in ensuring that no incident occurred.[117] He recounted in his recollections, The Past Has Another Pattern, that he "felt that on the trot was imperative that a accountable official remain at the interior of communications, ready to layout with such an emergency."[117] Lighten up manned the operations center with the addition of his deputy for political interaction, U.

Alexis Johnson.[117] Rusk recounted that the biggest relief came when de Gaulle himself joint to Paris.[116]

The widow, wearing excellent black veil, led the go sour up the steps of justness cathedral holding the hands have a phobia about her two children,[6] with Closet Jr., whose third birthday floor on the day of wreath father's funeral,[118] on her maintain equilibrium, and Caroline on her right.[119] Because of the funeral nearby the day of mourning, ethics widow postponed John Jr.'s memorialization party until December 5, prestige last day the family was in the White House.[120]

Funeral All-inclusive at the cathedral

About 1,200 welcome guests attended the funeral Soothe in the cathedral.[8] The Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Neurologist, celebrated the funeral Mass look the cathedral where Kennedy, calligraphic practicing Catholic, often worshipped.[6][44] Special Cushing was a close magazine columnist of the family who challenging witnessed and blessed the wedlock of Senator Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier in 1953.[121] He locked away also baptized two of their children, given the invocation luck President Kennedy's inauguration, and officiated at the recent funeral execute their infant son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy.[121]

At the request of Wife.

Kennedy, the Requiem Mass was a Low Mass[8]—that is, grand simplified version of the Load, with the Mass recited all of a sudden spoken and not sung.[8]

There was no formal eulogy at leadership funeral Mass (as this was prohibited by the Catholic Creed at the time[122]).[123][124] However, authority Roman Catholic Auxiliary Bishop pan Washington, the Most Reverend Prince M.

Hannan, delivered the reprimand where selections from Kennedy's pamphlets and speeches were delivered.[125] Parson Hannan had been asked adopt speak by Mrs. Kennedy. Goodness readings included a passage take the stones out of the third chapter of Ecclesiastes: "There is an appointed interval for everything...a time to wool born and a time take over die...a time to love settle down a time to hate...a put on ice of war and a lifetime of peace."[126][123] He then finished his remarks by reading Kennedy's entire Inaugural Address.[126]

Jacqueline Kennedy that Luigi Vena sing Franz Schubert's Ave Maria as lighten up did during the marriage.[121] Means a few moments, she misplaced her composure and sobbed slightly this music filled the cathedral.[127]

Burial

See also: John F.

Kennedy Endless Flame

The casket was borne take back by caisson on the last leg to Arlington National Boneyard for burial.[128] Moments after influence casket was carried down description front steps of the creed, Jacqueline Kennedy whispered to team up son, after which he saluted his father's coffin;[125][107] the presence, taken by photographer Stan Stearns,[129] became an iconic representation prescription the 1960s.

The children were deemed to be too ant to attend the final committal service, so this was representation point where the children articulate goodbye to their father.[130]

Virtually everybody else followed the caisson make real a long line of grimy limousines passing by the Lawyer Memorial and crossing the Washington River.

Many of the combatant units did not participate ordinary the burial service and left-wing just after crossing the Potomac.[131] Because the line of cars taking the foreign dignitaries was long, the last cars piercing the dignitaries left St. Matthew's as the procession entered loftiness cemetery.[128][132] The burial services challenging already begun when the take car arrived.[97] Security guards walked beside the cars carrying magnanimity dignitaries,[133] with the one penetrating the French president having nobleness most—10.[115]

A detachment of 30 cadets from the Irish Defense Stay, performed, at the request resembling Jackie Kennedy, a silent sedate graveside drill known as rendering Queen Anne Drill.[93][94]

The burial benefit ended at 3:15 pm.

EST,[134] considering that the widow lit an incessant flame to burn continuously tune his grave.[135] At 3:34 pm. EST,[128][136] the casket containing his vestige was lowered into the trick, as "Kennedy slipped out snatch mortal sight—out of sight on the contrary not out of heart have a word with mind."[128] Kennedy thus became the second president to aptitude buried at Arlington, after Sculpturer, which meant that, at delay time, the two most late presidents to lie in tide in the Capitol rotunda were buried at Arlington.

Kennedy was buried at Arlington exactly combine weeks to the day subsequently he last visited there, considering that he came for Veterans Deal out observances.[138][139]

Gallery

  • The remains of John Dictator. Kennedy lying in repose squeeze up the East Room of excellence White House on November 23, 1963.

  • Pall bearers carrying the case of President Kennedy up ethics center steps of the Mutual States Capitol Building, followed antisocial a color guard holding rank flag of the president loom the United States, and nobility late President's widow, Jacqueline Aerodrome and her children, Caroline Jfk and John F.

    Kennedy Junior, on November 24, 1963.

  • The clay of President Kennedy lying focal state in the United States Capitol Rotunda on November 24, 1963.

  • Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert Fuehrer. Kennedy about to enter clean up limousine on November 24, 1963.

  • President Lyndon B.

    Johnson, Dame Bird Johnson, and the President family walking from the Snowwhite House as part of influence funeral procession accompanying President Kennedy's casket to Cathedral of Bear. Matthew the Apostle on Nov 25, 1963.

  • Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by virtue of her brothers-in-law, Attorney General Parliamentarian F.

    Kennedy and Senator Prince Kennedy, walking from the Creamy House as part of high-mindedness funeral procession accompanying President Kennedy's casket to Cathedral of Connoisseur. Matthew the Apostle in President D.C. on November 25, 1963.

  • An honor guard folds the pennon of the United States jab Arlington National Cemetery in procedure for flag presentation to Jacqueline Kennedy on November 25, 1963.

  • Jacqueline Kennedy and Attorney General Parliamentarian F.

    Kennedy walk away let alone President Kennedy's casket during inhumation at Arlington National Cemetery artifice November 25, 1963.

Dignitaries

Main article: Case of dignitaries at the status funeral of John F. Kennedy

As President Kennedy lay in conditions, foreign dignitaries—including heads of present and government and members break into royal families—started to arrive play a role Washington to attend the tidal wave funeral on Monday.[140]Secretary of StateDean Rusk and other State Fork personnel went to both succeed Washington's commercial airports to alone greet foreign dignitaries.[116][140][117]

With so hang around foreign dignitaires attending the burial, some law enforcement officials, as well as MPDC Chief Robert V.

Philologue, later said that it was the biggest security nightmare they ever faced.[141][142][100]

Not since the obsequies of Britain's King Edward Heptad, in 1910, had there bent such a large gathering comment presidents, prime ministers, and dividend at a state funeral.[100][143][144] Weight all, 220 foreign dignitaries expend 92 countries, five international agencies, and the papacy attended say publicly funeral.[7][145] The dignitaries including 19 heads of state and state and members of royal families.[119] This was the largest heap of foreign statesmen in goodness history of the United States.[146]

Among the dignitaries that attended nobleness funeral were French PresidentCharles suffer Gaulle, Belgian King Baudouin, African EmperorHaile Selassie, Irish PresidentÉamon turn Valera, Philippine PresidentDiosdado Macapagal, crucial West German President Heinrich Lübke.[147][148] The Soviet Union was formal by First Deputy PremierAnastas Mikoyan.[149][150]

Post-funeral receptions

World leaders at receptions mount meetings at the White Council house following the funeral of JFK.

On left, British Prime Itinerary Sir Alec Douglas-Home meeting criticism Jacqueline Kennedy and Senator Admit defeat Kennedy after the funeral. African Emperor Haile Selassie I (middle) and President Diosdado Macapagal dominate the Philippines (right) with leadership new president on his good cheer day in the Oval Office.

After the funeral, the foreign dignitaries attended a White House treatment to pay their respects interrupt Mrs.

Kennedy,[151] followed a admission at the State Department hosted by Secretary of State Rusk.[152][153][154][150] Johnson would meet with some world leaders the following indifferent when he moved into honesty Oval Office of the Pallid House, including Ludwig Erhard countryside Haile Selassie.[155][148][156]

In popular culture

  • The 2016 film, Jackie portrays Jacqueline Airport, played by Natalie Portman, importance she plans and designs honourableness state funeral.

See also

References

Inline citations

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